Public Knowledge Library / Money & Credit

01 5 min read

How credit scores work

A credit score is a single number that sums up how reliably you borrow and repay. Lenders use it quickly to judge risk and decide how expensive borrowing will be.

The basic scale

Poor
300-579
Fair
580-669
Good
670-739
Very good
740-799
Exceptional
800-850

Many lenders look for a score of about 670 or higher, but the exact cutoff depends on the lender and the kind of loan.

What shapes the number

Five factors matter more than anything else.

35%
Payment history

Do you pay on time, every time? Missed payments leave the biggest mark.

30%
Amounts owed

Using a large share of your available credit can signal financial strain.

15%
Length of history

Older accounts give lenders more information about how you manage credit over time.

10%
New credit

Opening a lot of new accounts at once can make you look riskier.

10%
Credit mix

Managing different types of credit can help, but it matters less than the basics above.

These weightings are a good map of the major scoring models. They are a guide to the shape of the system, not a promise of one exact formula.

Why it matters

A better score usually means cheaper borrowing.

Over the life of a car loan or mortgage, even a modest difference in your interest rate can add up to thousands of dollars.

Three practical moves

01

Pay on time

If you only automate one thing, automate the minimum payment so a due date does not slip by unnoticed.

02

Keep balances low

Using a smaller share of your limit sends a stronger signal than carrying a card close to maxed out.

03

Protect old accounts

A long, steady history helps. Closing an old card can shorten the record lenders see.

Keep exploring

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